Fluoride-containing tooth cleaning and polishing paste.
Indications:- Removal of soft and hard surface plaque.
Removal of extrinsic discolouration (e.g.
staining from coffee, tea or tobacco).
Polishing of tooth surfaces as part of professional tooth cleaning, prior to whitening or following the removal of orthodontic devices.
Cleaning and polishing of restorations as part of professional tooth cleaning.
They are basically used to locate apical foramen by determining the apical constriction or cement-dentinal junction.The basic principle of apex locator is based on electrical resistance and apex of the root of the canal has a specific resistance to electrical current ad this is measured using a pair of electrodes typically hooked into the lip and attached to an endodontic file.
The main advantage of using this apex locator are using operated digital readout,can be used wit6h k-file, may incorporate pulp tester and disadvantages are require dry field, patient sensitivity and cannot estimate beyond 2mm.
The major disadvantage of second-generation apex locator is that root canal has to be free of electroconductive materials to obtain accurate readings.presence of electro-conductive irrigants changes the electric characteristic and lead to inaccurate readings.
The main disadvantage of using these type of apex locator is that they do not require lip clip, no patient sensitivity, analogue method and disadvantages are no digital readout, difficult to operate, the canal should be free of electro-conductive irrigants and tissue fluids.
The 3rd generation is also called frequency-dependent apex locator.It works on the principle of frequency or comparative impedance.they are based on the fact that different sites in the canal give a difference in impedance between high and low frequencies.
The difference in impedance is least in the coronal part of the canal and as the probe goes deeper into canal difference increases and it is greatest at a cement-dentinal junction.
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