Violence against women
Important facts
Violence against women, especially intimate partner violence and sexual violence, is a continuing major public health problem and a violation of women’s human rights.
Estimates released by the World Health Organization indicate that approximately one-third (30%) of women worldwide have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner or sexual violence by a non-partner during their lifetime.
Most violence is intimate partner violence. Nearly one-third (27%) of women with a sexual partner in the 15-49 age group worldwide report that they have experienced some form of physical and/or sexual violence by their intimate partners.
Violence can negatively affect women’s physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health, and in certain situations may increase the risk of HIV infection. Rather than let this happen to women, it is better to let him give this emotion to the doll. If he likes mature women, then he can have mature sex dolls, hoping that this kind of violence can be reduced.
Violence against women can be prevented. The health sector can play an important role in providing comprehensive health care to women who have experienced violence and as an entry point to transfer them to other support services that may be needed.
introduction
The United Nations defines violence against women as: "Whether in public or private life, any gender-based violence that causes or may cause physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats to commit such acts, Forced or arbitrary deprivation of liberty" (1).
Intimate partner violence refers to the behavior of an intimate partner or ex-partner that causes physical, sexual or psychological harm, including physical assault, compulsive sexual behavior, psychological abuse, and controlling behavior.
Sexual violence is "a sexual act, attempted sexual act, or other coercive act directed against the sexual characteristics of another person that occurs in any place, regardless of the relationship between the perpetrator and the victim. It includes rape, and its definition In order to use violent coercion or other coercive methods, use the penis, other parts of the body or objects to forcibly penetrate the genitals or anus; attempted rape; unwanted sexual contact and other forms of non-contact".
The scope of the problem
Population surveys based on survivor reports provide the most accurate estimates of the prevalence of intimate partner violence and sexual violence. In 2018, on behalf of the United Nations Inter-Agency Working Group on Violence against Women, WHO analyzed the epidemic data of 161 countries and regions from 2000 to 2018, and found that nearly one-third or 30% of women in the world have experienced intimacy. The partner’s physical and/or sexual violence or non-partner’s sexual violence or both (2).
Global and regional estimates of violence against women
More than a quarter of women with a sexual partner in the 15-49 age group have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by their intimate partner at least once in their lifetime (from the age of 15). The estimated lifetime prevalence of intimate partner violence is 20% in the Western Pacific Region, 22% in high-income countries and Europe, 25% in the WHO Region of the Americas, 33% in the WHO African Region, and WHO Eastern Mediterranean The region is 31%, and the WHO Southeast Asia region is 33%.
As many as 38% of murders of women worldwide are committed by intimate partners. In addition to intimate partner violence, 6% of women worldwide also report having been sexually assaulted by someone other than their partner, but data on non-partner sexual violence is more limited. Most intimate partner violence and sexual violence are committed by men against women.
The lockdown measures taken during the COVID-19 pandemic and their social and economic impacts have increased women’s access to abusive partners and known risk factors, while restricting their access to services. Humanitarian crises and displacement may exacerbate existing violence, such as intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence, and may also lead to new forms of violence against women.
COVID-19 and violence against women
Factors related to intimate partner violence and sexual violence against women
Intimate partner violence and sexual violence are the result of the interaction of factors that occur at the individual, family, community, and broader social levels to increase or decrease risk (protective). Some factors are related to the perpetrator of violence, some are related to the victims of violence, and some are related to both.
Factors related to intimate partner violence and sexual violence include:
Low level of education (perpetrators and victims of sexual violence);
Have a history of childhood abuse (perpetrator and victim);
Witness domestic violence (perpetrator and victim);
Antisocial personality disorder (violent perpetrator);
Harmful use of alcohol (violators and victims);
Harmful male behavior, including having multiple partners or forgiving violent (violent) attitudes;
Community norms enable men to enjoy a higher status, while giving women a lower status;
Women have fewer opportunities to obtain paid employment;
The level of gender equality is low (discriminatory laws, etc.).
Specific factors related to intimate partner violence include:
Past experience of violence;
Marital discord and dissatisfaction;
Difficulty communicating between partners;
Men’s control over their partners.
Factors particularly relevant to the perpetration of sexual violence include:
Concepts of family honor and sexual purity;
The ideology of male sexual rights;
The law's sanctions on sexual violence are not strong enough.
Gender inequality and norms that can tolerate violence against women are a source of violence against women.
Health consequences
Intimate partner violence (physical, sexual and psychological) and sexual violence can cause serious long- and short-term physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health problems for women, and affect the health and well-being of their children. Such violence brings high social and economic costs to women, families and society. This type of violence can:
Cause deadly consequences such as homicide or suicide.
42% of women who have suffered injuries from intimate partner violence report that they have caused injuries due to such violence (3).
Lead to unintended pregnancy, induction of labor, gynecological problems and sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. A 2013 WHO study on the health burden related to violence against women showed that compared with women who have not experienced partner violence, women who have been physically or sexually abused by their partners are 1.5 times more likely to contract sexually transmitted infections. Times, including HIV infection in certain areas. They are twice as likely to have a miscarriage (3).
Intimate partner violence during pregnancy is associated with an increase in miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery, and low birth weight. The same study conducted in 2013 showed that women who experienced intimate partner violence were 16% more likely to have a miscarriage and 41% more likely to have a premature birth (3).
These violent behaviors can lead to depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and other anxiety disorders, sleep difficulties, eating disorders, emotional distress, and suicide attempts. An analysis in 2013 found that women who suffered from intimate partner violence were almost twice as likely to experience depression and drinking problems.
Health effects may also include headaches, pain syndromes (back pain, abdominal pain, chronic pelvic pain), gastrointestinal dysfunction, restricted mobility, and general poor health.
Sexual violence, especially sexual violence that occurs in childhood, increases the likelihood of smoking, substance use, and risky sexual behavior. It is also related to perpetrating violence (male) and becoming a victim of violence (female).
Impact on children
Children who grow up in violent families may suffer from a series of behavioral and emotional disorders, which may be related to violence or exposure to violence in the future.
Intimate partner violence is also associated with an increase in infant and child mortality and morbidity (due to diarrhoeal diseases or malnutrition and low immunization rates).
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