Area: 64,589 square kilometers or 24,937 square miles.
Regions: Kurzeme, Zemgale, Vidzeme, Latgale.
Total length of the state border: 1,862 km.
Length of the Latvian Baltic Sea coast: 494 km.
Population: 2,272,300
Borders with: Estonia, Russia, Belarus and Lithuania.
Brief history of Latvia
The Republic of Latvia was established on November 18, 1918 (November 18 is a national holiday and the day of Latvia's declaration of independence). After the end of the struggle for freedom in 1920, several countries recognized the independence of Latvia de jure, and 16 diplomatic missions were set up in Riga. Latvia lost its independence in 1940 after the beginning of World War II. It was first occupied by the Soviet Union (from 1940 to 1941). Then came the occupation by Nazi Germany (from 1941 to 1945). However, the Soviet Union regained power and reoccupied Latvia (from 1945 to 1991). As a result of Gorbachev's reforms, Latvia declared the de facto restoration of its independence on August 21, 1991. It reestablished international diplomatic relations and joined the United Nations (UN).
The name Latvia comes from the ancient Latgals, one of the four Indo-European tribes who were involved in the ethnogenesis of the Latvians along with the Semgallians, the Kurds and the Selonians.
Flag of Latvia
The flag of Latvia with three horizontal stripes in the colors of maroon and white is one of the oldest flags in the world, referring to the events in the city of Cēsis in the 13th century. According to legend, a fatally wounded military leader was wrapped in a white sheet with a sword and blood stained both edges of the sheet. After the leader's death, this leaf was used as a flag in the next battle that led the Latvians to victory. The design of the Latvian flag is officially adopted and provided for in the Latvian Constitution - Satversme.
Geography of Latvia and neighboring countries
Latvia is the central country of the Baltic States and is located in north-eastern Europe. Latvia's territory, the terrain of which was formed in the Ice Age, consists of rich lowlands in the plains and temperate hills. Most of it is deeper than 100 meters below sea level. Latvia has an extensive network of rivers and lakes that consists of more than twelve thousand rivers and about two thousand lakes. All over Latvia there are pine forests, dunes and white sandy beaches. The sea along the Latvian coast is very shallow and the Gulf of Riga is no deeper than 26 meters. The highest mountain in Latvia is Gaiziņkalns (312 m). Latvia's neighbors are Estonia, Latvia, Russia and Belarus, and Latvia's strategic location facilitates the development of trade and culture.
Climate of Latvia
Latvia is located in the temperate climatic zone, and its climate is influenced by the proximity of the sea and the air masses of the Atlantic Ocean. Latvia has four distinct seasons. The summers are mild, but the winters - moderately cold; the humidity is relatively high and it rains frequently. The average temperature is 15.8 ° C in summer and -4.5 ° C in winter. The temperature records are accordingly 36.4 ° C and -43.2 ° C. Latvia's weather is characterized by frequent air mass changes, as 170 fronts cross the territory in February, July and October. These fronts are accompanied by strong winds, which are responsible for the maximum occurrence of snowstorms in February, for the high precipitation and thunderstorms in July and for the strong winds up to storms in October.
Latvian nature
With more than 44% of its territory covered by forests and the vast network of rivers and thousands of lakes, Latvia is one of the best preserved sanctuaries for various wildlife. More than 27,000 plant and animal species live under natural conditions in areas that are still relatively untouched by humans. Many rare species live in their habitats, which are mixed forests, swamps and meadows, for example black storks and booted eagles. Latvia is also densely populated by otters, beavers, lynx and wolves, as well as large numbers of deer, elk, fox and wild boar. It is an interesting place for ornithologists and other bird watchers, especially the coastal and wetlands during migration periods, as well as for hunters during official hunting seasons.
Population of Latvia
The indigenous people of Latvia are Latvians and Fenno-Ugrian Lives. The existing ethnic composition is the result of massive post-war migrations. The following comparison can be made - in 1935, 77% of the population was Latvians, compared to 52% in 1989. The population was 2,248,374 in 2010, and the distribution of the population is as follows: 68% live in cities and towns and 32% - in the countryside.
Latvian language
Latvian is a Baltic language that belongs to the Indo-European language family. The only language closely related to the Latvian language is Lithuanian. Latvian is considered to be one of the oldest and relatively unchanged languages in the world. It is the mother tongue of around 1.5 million people.
Russian and English are also quite common in Latvia, but German, French and Scandinavian languages are rather rare. Latvian is the only official language in Latvia; However, there are several mechanisms to provide effective legal protection to people who do not speak the Latvian language.
The ethnic composition of Latvia is as follows: 59.4% are Latvians, 27.6% - Russians, 3.6% - Belarusians, 2.5% - Ukrainians, 2.3% - Poles, 1.3% - Lithuanians, 3.3% - other nationalities.
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The flag of Latvia was formally re-adopted on February 27, 1990, after the Soviet Union banned its use from 1940 until 1990.
The white stripe's roots come from a legend in which a wounded Latvian leader had wrapped a white sheet around his body.
As the legend goes, at the next battle, this sheet was used as the Latvian flag.The exact hues and extents of the Latvian flag were set on November 18, 1918, when Latvia became an independent country.
The flag was formally adopted without precedent for 1922 and was used until 1940 when the Soviet Union gained control of Latvia.
The Latvian level is flown on several days during the year including: Lithuanian Independence Day (February 16), Estonian Independence Day (February 24), Constitution Day/Labor Day (May 1), Renewal of Independence Day (May 4, 1990), Lacplesis Day (November 11), and Independence Day (November 18, 1918).
The flag is additionally flown at half-pole in grieving on the next days: in memory of casualties of socialist genocide (Marcy 25, June 14, and the main Sunday in December), the beginning of the Soviet Union's control of Latvia (June 17), and in memory of the Holocaust casualties (July 4).Latvia additionally uses four other authority flags: the Presidential Standard, the Standard of the Prime Minister, the Standard of the Speaker of the Saeima, and the Standard of the Minister of Defense.
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