Orthokeratology, sometimes known as "Ortho-k," is a procedure that temporarily reshapes the cornea's contour to lessen myopia (nearsightedness). Given that there is no surgery involved, the risk is lower than with refractive surgery. To correct or manage myopia, ortho-k lenses are also known as corneal reshaping contact lenses or nighttime contact lenses. Nearsightedness, astigmatism, and hyperopia are the most common refractive problems that these lenses are prescribed to treat. Ortho-k is occasionally used to treat presbyopia as well as to halt the progression of infantile myopia. A 2015 research by the American Academy of Optometry found that wearing orthokeratology lenses consistently slowed the progression of myopia by about 45% over a two-year period and by 30% over five years.
The science behind corneal reshaping is based on the principles of optics and biomechanics. When light enters the eye, it is refracted, or bent, by the cornea and the lens before being focused onto the retina. The amount of bending is determined by the shape of the cornea and the lens. In myopia, the cornea is too steep or the eye is too long, causing light to focus in front of the retina. Orthokeratology lenses are designed to flatten the central part of the cornea, reducing the amount of bending of light and allowing it to focus correctly on the retina.
In hyperopia, the cornea is too flat or the eye is too short, causing light to focus behind the retina. Orthokeratology lenses are designed to steepen the central part of the cornea, increasing the amount of bending of light and allowing it to focus correctly on the retina. In astigmatism, the cornea is irregularly shaped, resulting in distorted and blurry vision.
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