The current outbreak of monkeypox virus has raised concerns around the world. While the risk of infection in general population is still low, it is important to understand the disease and various treatment options available. In this article, we discuss in detail about monkeypox symptoms, transmission, testing and different treatment approaches being used.
Symptoms of Monkeypox
After the incubation period of 5-21 days, monkeypox patients usually experience fever, headache, muscle aches, backache and swollen lymph nodes. Within 1-3 days of fever onset, a distinctive rash or lesions appear on the face and body including palms and soles of feet. The rash or lesions start flat, then fill with fluid before scabbing over. Very rarely, monkeypox can cause severe illness. However, most people recover within a few weeks.
Transmission of Monkeypox Virus
Monkeypox primarily spreads through close physical contact with someone who has symptoms. This includes direct contact with monkeypox rash, scabs or body fluids. It can also spread through respiratory secretions during prolonged face-to-face contact or during intimate physical contact like kissing, cuddling or sex. Pregnant women can transmit the virus to fetus as well. The virus can spread through contaminated items like beddings.
Testing and Diagnosis
If someone has been exposed to monkeypox and shows symptoms, their healthcare provider may do skin biopsy or collect samples from lesions to test for virus using PCR or other lab techniques. Testing is done to confirm the diagnosis and help control spread of the virus. Public health officials also conduct contact tracing to limit further transmission. Early testing helps in effective treatment.
Treatment Approaches for Monkeypox
Currently there is no proven monkeypox treatment, but antiviral medications and vaccines developed for smallpox may be used. Treatment focuses on resolving symptoms and preventing complications. Some of the commonly used options are:
- Tecovirimat: This antiviral medication is approved by FDA for treatment of smallpox. It helps to stop the spread of virus inside the body. Tecovirimat is generally given over 14 days.
- Brincidofovir: Developed to treat various DNA viruses, brincidofovir has been used in some monkeypox cases. It is administered intravenously over 7-10 days.
- Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG): VIG contains antibodies against smallpox/monkeypox viruses. It is given to people with weakened immune systems or those with severe cases to prevent complications.
- ACAM2000 vaccine: A live weakened vaccinia virus vaccine can be given for post-exposure protection in people at high risk of complications. It has side effects so not generally recommended for everyone.
- Supportive care: Over-the-counter pain and fever medications, applying soothing lotions on rashes, oral rehydration and rest help in recovery. Secondary bacterial infections if any are treated with appropriate antibiotics.
Public Health Response to Current Outbreak
Containing further spread through targeted vaccination and isolation of cases is the priority for health authorities. Close contacts are monitored and offered vaccine or immune globulin if high-risk. Travel restrictions are avoided. Mass vaccination is not recommended now due to limited supply of FDA-approved vaccines. Research on antivirals and vaccines is ongoing to improve treatment options in future. Public awareness about prevention is key to stop transmission. Meanwhile early testing and care help monkeypox patients recover well.
In conclusion, the current monkeypox outbreak though concerning, is being carefully handled by public health experts with decades of experience in similar viruses. Proper treatment available along with preventive measures provide hope that this too shall be contained soon without causing widespread impact. Continued research will boost preparedness for any future emergencies.
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