Neurofeedback, also known as EEG biofeedback, is a type of biofeedback that uses real-time displays of brain wave activity — recorded by electroencephalography (EEG) — to teach self-regulation of brain function. With neurofeedback, people learn how to consciously control the electrical signals in their own brain and thus be able to manage symptoms related to various health problems.
What is Neurofeedback?
Neurofeedback uses EEG technology and operant conditioning principles to teach self-regulation of brain activity. Sensors are placed on the scalp to detect EEG signals which are then processed and fed back to the participant in real-time, typically in the form of video games or other rewarding multimedia experiences. The goal is for the individual to consciously learn to control or modulate their own brain activity and brain waves. Three main types of EEG brain activity are targeted during neurofeedback - alpha, theta, and beta waves.
Alpha waves (8-12 Hz) are associated with relaxation, stress reduction, and calm, focused awareness. If alpha amplitudes are too low, neurofeedback can help increase them in designated areas of the brain. Theta waves (4-8 Hz) are linked to emotional states, memory, learning, and creativity. Suppressing overly high theta amplitudes is commonly targeted. Beta waves (12-30 Hz) correlate with alert problem-solving behavior. Increasing low beta amplitudes can assist with focus and attention issues. By altering the frequency, location or amplitude of these brainwaves, neurofeedback aims to help manage neurological and psychological symptoms and disorders.
Applications and Efficacy of Neurofeedback
Neurofeedback has been proposed as a treatment for various conditions where dysfunctional EEG patterns have been observed, including:
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Studies suggest Neurofeedback may be an effective alternative or add-on to medication for improving ADHD symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Multiple sessions are usually required.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Early research implies neurofeedback may enhance emotion recognition, social skills and communication in individuals with ASD, possibly reducing associated challenges.
Anxiety and Depression
Modifying specific EEG abnormalities has demonstrated promise for decreasing anxiety and improving mood in depression. Combined with psychotherapy, neurofeedback impact can last long-term.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Rebalancing abnormal brain wave patterns post-injury may expedite cognitive recovery from TBI by enhancing areas like memory, concentration and information processing speed.
Addiction
By altering cortical areas involved in craving and impulse control, neurofeedback may decrease drug and alcohol relapse risk and reinforce abstinence. Larger studies are still needed.
Mental performance enhancement
From athletes to executives, neurofeedback is explored as a means to optimize EEG correlates of abilities like focus, multitasking and problemsolving. However, more study is warranted.
While research data is still emerging, numerous reviews have concluded neurofeedback appears safe and can deliver clinically significant benefits for some conditions when done correctly. However, proper protocols and sufficient training are necessary to realize efficacy. Individual factors also influence response and consistency of effects.
How Neurofeedback Training Works
A neurofeedback training session typically lasts 30 to 60 minutes, 2-3 times per week over several weeks or months depending on the issue. Participants play video or computer games where their brain waves control the action in real time. The goal is to produce the desired frequency or inhibit an unwanted frequency.
For example, someone with ADHD may receive beta/theta training - rewarding beta production and discouraging theta. As brainwaves approach the desired target, the game responds more positively, teaching the individual how their mind impacts the displayed feedback. Over multiple sessions, the beneficial EEG patterns become reinforced as alternate neural pathways are formed. Homework and thoughtful application between sessions help achieve lasting effects.
A clinician or technician monitors the EEG signal, observes if appropriate frequencies are being reinforced or inhibited as intended, and tracks client progress. They may make protocol adjustments to refine the training based on performance and symptom change. Proper support and application outside the clinic is encouraged.
Safety and Efficacy of Neurofeedback
No adverse side effects are expected with neurofeedback done by qualified professionals, as it is non-invasive with no drugs or shocks used. Some clients report brief, mild tiredness or headache after initially learning to control their EEG. Neurofeedback is considered generally safe for all ages, including children and seniors.
As with any treatment, individual factors impact results. Commitment to sessions and practicing self-regulation skills learned are important for maintaining therapeutic gains long-term. Larger samples and rigorous scientific studies are still developing to establish certain protocols as efficacious standards of care for particular disorders. However, existing peer-reviewed data and meta-analyses typically conclude neurofeedback to be a promising adjunct or alternative treatment deserving of further research. Its empowering, non-drug focused approach appeals to many seeking relief from mental health challenges through self-directed neuroplastic means.
Conclusion
Neurofeedback leverages EEG methodology and operant conditioning to enable individuals to gain conscious control over electrical activity in their own brain. Early evidence proposes it may provide benefits for managing various psychological and neurological disorders through modulating abnormal brain wave patterns and promoting positive neuroplastic changes. While larger clinical trials are still developing standardized protocols, current research suggests neurofeedback appears generally safe when properly administered by qualified professionals. With further study, it holds promise as an effective treatment choice, especially for issues where conventional therapies are inadequate or unacceptable to the patient. Success requires commitment to the training process over time to reinforce new neural pathways underlying positive symptom regulation. As technology refines and knowledge expands, neurofeedback is a fascinating emerging therapy worthy of ongoing research exploring its full healing potential.
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