Stem cell banking refers to the process of collecting, processing, and storing stem cells from umbilical cord blood and tissue for future therapeutic use. Stem cells are unique cells that have the potential to develop into many different cell types in the body. Cord blood stem cells are collected from the umbilical cord and placenta after a baby is born. Knowing the potential benefits of stem cells, more and more parents are opting for cord blood banking at the time of delivery.
Why Bank Cord Blood?
Cord blood contains stem cells that can be used to potentially treat over 80 diseases. These stem cells are especially useful for blood disorders like leukemia, lymphoma, and sickle cell anemia. Cord blood stem cells are also being studied for the treatment of cerebral palsy, autism, and spinal cord injuries. Scientists believe that the properties of cord blood stem cells make them invaluable for regenerative medicine and treating currently incurable diseases. Some key advantages of Stem Cell Banking:
- Cord blood stem cells have powerful regenerative abilities and are extremely flexible. They can turn into many different cell types, making them valuable for future therapeutic applications that may not even exist today.
- Cord blood is readily available and banking is relatively inexpensive compared to bone marrow transplantation. There is no risk to the donor.
- Cord blood is not contaminated with adult stem cells and diseases like cancer. It has a high concentration of stem cells compared to other sources like bone marrow.
- Stem cells from one's own cord blood can be the best match for future treatments since there is no risk of transplant rejection. This is especially useful if a genetic disorder runs in the family.
- Access to one's own cord blood stem cells provides treatment options if a suitable bone marrow donor cannot be found in case of leukemia, lymphoma or other blood disorders.
Benefits of Early Cord Blood Banking
The benefits of cord blood banking are maximized if stem cells are collected and preserved as early as possible for the following key reasons:
- Younger cord blood contains more and higher-quality stem cells that have greater growth and proliferation potential compared to adult stem cells. This makes them more effective for regenerative therapies.
- Banking cord blood at birth gives access to the stem cells over a lifetime as new medical applications are discovered. Diseases cured with cord blood now may seem futuristic today. Early collection ensures availability of one's own stem cells should the need arise in future.
- In case a genetic disorder runs in the family, preserving unaffected cord blood could save the life of a sibling diagnosed with leukemia or related condition in the years to come. Umbilical cord tissue may also hold promise for autologous transplantation.
- Early banking eliminates the need to search for an unrelated donor match in case of disease, minimizing treatment wait time. This is critical for managing deadly conditions like cancer.
How is Cord Blood Collection and Storage Done?
Here are the key steps involved in cord blood banking:
- Collection is done by a trained professional immediately after baby is delivered but before the umbilical cord is cut. Blood is drained from the placenta and umbilical vein into a collection bag containing an anticoagulant.
- Initial testing is done to check volume and viability of stem cells collected. Only high-quality collections that meet storage criteria are accepted for banking.
- Processing involves separating stem cells from other components like red blood cells.
- Cord blood samples are cryogenically frozen and stored in specialized stem cell banks at ultra-low temperatures of around -180°C in liquid nitrogen.
- Private cord blood banks perform sterility, viability and potency testing at regular intervals to ensure the quality and safety of stored units.
- Cord blood units are given a unique identification number and stored for immediate availability if needed for transplant in future.
- Parents own the cord blood and can access it any time by providing requisite documents and paying applicable usage and shipping costs.
Benefits of Private vs. Public Banking
There are two main types of cord blood banking options - private and public. While private banking stores cord blood for exclusive use of the donor family, public banking makes units available to any patient in need of an unrelated allogeneic transplant through a registry. Some key aspects to consider:
Private Banking:
- Guarantees access to one's own stem cells stored in the event of a medical need by donor or immediate family members.
- Collection, processing and annual storage fees apply, which can range from $1,000 to $2,000 initially and $100-125 annually.
- Stem cells may only be useful to a small percentage of families who need them.
Public Banking:
- Donated cord blood helps save lives through unrelated allogeneic transplantation and is available to anyone in need through a registry.
- No fees for donating or storing cord blood units, which are made available to transplant centers worldwide.
- Needs large quantities of high-quality donations to maximize chances of finding a match.
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