Hydronephrosis Treatment in India. Hydronephrosis is caused by a blockage in the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder (ureter). Possible causes include a kidney stone, an infection, an enlarged prostate, a blood clot or a tumour. Symptoms include difficulty urinating and pain in the side, abdomen or groin. Treatment may include antibiotics if there's an infection. In severe cases, the urine may need to be drained from the bladder or kidney.
Laryngectomy is the removal of the larynx and separation of the airway from the mouth, nose and esophagus.
In a total laryngectomy, the entire larynx is removed (including the vocal folds, hyoid bone, epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid cartilage and a few tracheal cartilagerings).
In a partial laryngectomy, only a portion of the larynx is removed.
Following the procedure, the person breathes through an opening in the neck known as a stoma.
This procedure is usually performed by ENT surgeon in cases of laryngeal cancer, and an individual's quality of life can be affected post-surgery.