It has been said that the 21st century is the century of peptide drugs, and the fate of this substance, which lies between a large protein and a small molecule compound, is bound to be extraordinary.

Compared to chemical drugs, peptides are physicochemically unstable, susceptible to oxidation and hydrolysis, prone to agglomeration, have a shorter half-life, have a faster clearance rate, do not readily cross cell membranes, and most cannot be taken orally.

Then, essential amino acids and possible substitution sites are identified by means of alanine substitution, conformational relationships (SAR) and other analytical methods.

Another important aspect of rational peptide drug design is to improve the physicochemical properties of natural peptides, which often have a tendency to be agglomerated and poorly water-soluble.

Other methods can also be used to improve the stability of peptides, such as the introduction of stable alpha helices, the formation of salt bridges, or other chemical modifications such as lactam bridges.

The second method is to bind the peptide to albumin, which prolongs the half-life of the peptide drug and reduces the frequency of use of the drug, and Liraglutide, which applies this method, is one of the successful examples.

The antibody genes of the immune antibody library are derived from immunized human or animal B cells (lymph nodes, spleen, and peripheral blood lymphocytes).

The general antibody library is divided into natural antibody library, fully synthetic antibody library, and semi-synthetic antibody library.

The antibody genes of the natural antibody library are derived from unimmunized human or animal B cells.

According to the clonal selection theory of antibody production, after the fetal organs mature, clonal selection will bring about the bias of B cell cloning.

The antibody genes of the natural antibody library are derived from natural B cells, and the epitope diversity is relatively limited, which also affects the affinity of the antibodies to be screened.

However, due to the in vivo evolution process, indicators such as stability, solubility, and expression levels perform better.

Biological methods mainly use viruses as vectors to introduce foreign DNA into cells through viral infection.

They may often be frustrated by the inexplicable transfection failure.

Birth defects of calcium phosphate are often the main cause of experimental obstruction.

1989 Jan 25;264(3):1508-15); transfection of siRNA causes off-target effects and so on.

This has attracted the attention of many researchers.People have been looking for transfection reagents that are more effective, less toxic and have little impact on research.

Since the toxicity of lipid transfection reagents to cells is determined by its lipid properties, many researchers and biological companies have focused the development of new generation transfection reagents on non-liposomal polymers.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an ancient virus that may have coevolved with different hosts over the last 90–100 million years.

EBV, also known as human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), belongs to the herpesvirus family and is one of the most common viruses in humans.

In children, the virus usually causes no symptoms.

However, in adults and teens, it can cause infectious mononucleosis (IM) and may be associated with a variety of human malignancies, including Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), nasopharyngeal carcinoma, as well as sporadic cancers of other tissues.

It is estimated that every year, around 200,000 cancers are directly attributable to EBV.

When a person has contracted the virus once, it stays there in a latent (inactive) state and can reactivate at any time.

Creative Biostructure, a biotech company specialized in providing cost-effective contract services to both academia and biotech/pharmaceutical industries in the field of structural biology and membrane protein technologies, released a bunch of exosome products recently for research use.

Exosomes are endosome-derived vesicles containing complex nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites.

They play a key role in intercellular communication and signal transduction, and are secreted in various biological fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, ascites, urine and serum.

The exosomes are small (about 40–160 nm in diameter, 100 nm on average) and have a unique di-lipoprotein structure.

They can carry and exchange various cargoes between cells and serve as non-invasive biomarkers for a variety of diseases.

Due to its unique properties, exosomes are considered the best biomarkers for cancer diagnosis.

Therefore, these remarkable properties make kinases one of the most interesting target families in drug discovery.

In the past few years, people have realized that kinases are an important class of drug targets.

It seems that the selection of specific and potent drug candidates for kinases has become a popular and meaningful choice in the drug discovery industry.

Drug discovery efforts usually focus on targeting individual targets and optimizing compounds for these targets to achieve therapeutic efficacy.

However, due to the conserved active sites and high structural homology between kinases, the development of selective kinase inhibitors is particularly challenging.

By integrating different technology platforms, kinase knowledge, and cell-based detection technologies, it can also provide more and more homogeneous and functional detection menus for identifying activated kinases in whole cells.

Using the passive targeting of liposomes, the bioavailability of the drug is improved, the dosage is reduced, and the toxic and side effects are reduced.Antibacterial drug carrier: gentamicin liposome and amphotericin B, which can reduce drug resistance and reduce cardiotoxicity.Hormone drug carrier.Route of administrationThe routes of administration of liposomes mainly include (1) intravenous injection; (2) intramuscular and subcutaneous injection; (3) oral administration; (4) ocular administration; (5) pulmonary administration; (6) Transdermal administration; (7) Nasal administration.In vivo processesThe main forms of interaction between liposomes and cells include inter-membrane transport (lipid exchange in cell membranes), contact release, adsorption, fusion, and endocytosis.Liposomes have a cell-like structure.

For example, dipalmitate phospholipid(DPPC) and distearic acid phospholipid (DSPC) were mixed in a certain proportion to prepare 3H methotrexate heat-sensitive liposomes, and then injected into the tail vein of mice bearing Lewis lung cancer, and then microwaved to heat the tumor site to At 42°C, the radioactive intensity of the lesion site was significantly higher than that of the non-heat-sensitive liposome control group.pH-sensitive liposomes: Since the pH of the tumor interstitium is lower than that of the surrounding normal tissue cells, lipid materials that are sensitive to pH, such as dipalmitic acid phospholipid or heptadecanoic acid phospholipid, are used as the membrane material to prepare the drug Liposomes.

The liposome products approved by the US FDA include amphotericin B and adriamycin liposomes.

Liposomes are particles composed of lipid bilayers, which mediate genes across cell membranes.

The self-aggregating lipid molecules encapsulate the internal water phase medium.

Based on the experience of liposomes as drug carrier systems, liposomes ideal for gene transfer have high encapsulation efficiency for plasmid DNA and protect the DNA from degradation by plasma ribozymes.

Moreover, they not only have the same inherent high regenerative ability as ordinary stem cells but also their weak differentiation potential has been proved by medical research.

The generation of iPSCs is an extremely multi-step biological process, which includes the gradual loss of initial properties of somatic cells during reprogramming and the gradual acquisition of pluripotent stem cells at the end of reprogramming.

The regulation of gene expression and epigenetic modification involved are the key factors that limit the efficiency of reprogramming.

To simplify iPSC induction, many different reprogramming technologies have emerged to generate iPSCs, each possessing its advantages and disadvantages.

The vectors involved in reprogramming methods can be divided into three categories, including integrating viral vectors, non-integrating vectors, and non-DNA based delivery.

Using non-integrating vectorsA series of non-integrating vectors, including viral vectors and non-viral vectors, have been successfully used to produce iPSCs.

Nanoclusters are gold compounds with a core of metal atoms and organic groups covalently bound to the surface gold atoms.

Due to their small size, these nanoclusters exhibit intrinsic near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence.What is cluster in nanotechnology?Clusters are small aggregates of atoms and molecules.

Nanoclusters are composed of up to 100 atoms, but bigger ones containing 1000 or more are called nanoparticles.What are nanoclusters used for?Nanoclusters have potential uses in chemical reactors, telecommunications, microelectronics, optical data storage, catalysts magnetic storage, spintronic devices, electroluminescent displays, sensors, biological markers, switches, transducers and many other fields.

The florescence silver nanoclusters have been extensively used as biological markers for photodynamic therapyWhat are metal nanoclusters?Metal nanoclusters (NCs) are composed of a small number of atoms, up to dozens.

The ultrasmall metal nanoparticles display molecule-like properties and no longer exhibit plasmonic behavior.

The most studied among these metal NCs are Au NCs, AgNCs, and CuNCs.What are gold nanoclusters?Nanocluster are collective groups composed of a specific number of atoms or molecules held together through a certain interaction mechanism.

Pronalyse is a new division of Creative Proteomics, which is an integrated CRO company with rich experience in providing drug development service for over 10 years.

With years of experience in offering professional and high-quality products for academic use and pharmaceutical industries, Creative Proteomics announces diversified PEGylated protein analysis technologies, which can solve important research and development problems in the quality control and pharmacokinetic research of biotechnology drugs.

Therefore, it plays a key role in improving the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic properties of protein drugs.

Creative Proteomics has diversified PEGylated protein analysis technologies, which can solve important research and development issues in the quality control and pharmacokinetic research of biotechnology drugs.

Creative Proteomics will provide you with PEGylated protein identification and analysis services based on ICH guidelines (especially ICH Q6B) and US FDA issues.

Creative Proteomics uses ESI Q-TOF mass spectrometry, liquid-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis technology to effectively and accurately identify and analyze PEGylated proteins.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid is a compound with the chemical formula C₄H₉NO₂, also known as 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA for short).

PreparationIn 1993, some scholars successfully developed GABA through chemical synthesis for the first time.

Since then, related research has become more abundant.

In order to obtain more GABA, researchers have started various attempts and obtained many results.Chemical synthesisThe more important chemical synthesis is mainly as follows: The first is to use potassium phthalimide and γ-chlorobutyronitrile or butyrolactone as raw materials for making GABA, and the final product obtained after violent reaction and hydrolysis is GABA; The second is to use pyrrolidone as the initial raw material, and hydrolyze by calcium hydroxide and ammonium bicarbonate, and the final ring-opening product is GABA; the third is to use butyric acid and ammonia as the raw material of GABA.

GABA is obtained by light reaction under γ-ray conditions; the fourth method is to synthesize GABA by using propylamine and formic acid by the method of glow discharge; the fifth method is to prepare GABA by using methyl bromoacetate and ethylene The raw material is obtained by polymerization to obtain methyl 4-bromobutyrate, and the final product after ammonolysis and hydrolysis is GABA.

(2) Column separation preparation methodColumn separation preparation method, also called column chromatography, is a principle that uses the components in different mixtures to have different partition coefficients in the solid-liquid two phases for elution separation and other subsequent operations.

Recently, scientists at Stanford University published a gene sequencing file of Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine on the open-source code repository GitHub, deciphering the mRNA sequence of the vaccine for the first time.

Although the RNA sequence information does make the vaccine more accessible in a sense, it is still difficult to establish a supply chain and actually produce the vaccine on a large scale.

It is reported that the work was completed by scientists from Stanford University, who said that the starting point is public welfare.

For example, the synthesis and formulation steps included in the vaccine production process, such as preparation and encapsulation, involve very complex synthetic chemistry, enzyme chemistry, and membrane dynamics.

The speed of vaccine development has also exceeded expectations, which not only proves that the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries can respond to urgent and unmet global needs, but also proves the inherent ability of mRNA as a medicine.

However, due to the instability of mRNA molecules, high innate immunogenicity, and low delivery efficiency in vivo, the application of mRNA vaccines has been limited.

Stem cells are primitive cells that have the ability to transform into any tissues.

iPSCs are a type of stem cell that can be induced from adult human cells by reprogramming rather than pre-implantation embryos.The use of iPSCs in stem cell therapy has immense prospects and offers remarkable applications in regenerative medicine.

To date, a number of diseases are currently being treated with stem cells, and clinical trials are being conducted using iPSCs in a similar way.

By providing custom iPSC services and producing high-quality iPSCs, Creative Biolabs can reduce the preparation and delivery time for clients’ stem cell projects, giving them more time to focus on research.Creative Biolabs is able to offer the complete iPSC portfolio to accelerate the success of customer research:• iPSC ReprogrammingiPSCs represent a potential treatment for genetic and degenerative disorders.

If possible, patient-derived cells could be cultured and repaired in vitro and then re-administered to the patient.

iPSC reprogramming plays an important role in acquiring iPSCs, and its laboratory procedures should comply with rigorous standards.• iPSC CharacterizationCharacterization of iPSCs is required for the registration of stem cell lines and allows for an impartial and objective comparison of the results obtained when new iPSCs lines are developed.• iPSC DifferentiationHuman pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can theoretically generate unlimited quantities of any cell lineage in vitro, including neuronal cells, hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, and they hold great potential for disease modeling, drug screening, and cell-based therapies.• iPSC Genome EditingCRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene modification combined with human iPSC technology provides a powerful tool for generating disease-specific models for drug discovery researchers.“iPSCs have opened a new frontier in disease research,” said a scientist at Creative Biolabs.

Recently, new progress has been made in the cloning and evolution of cold tolerance genes at the booting stage of rice completed by the Institute of Grain Making, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences in cooperation with China Agricultural University and other units, and the research result article "Stepwise selection of natural variations at CTB2 and CTB4a improves cold duration adaptation domestication of japonica rice" was published online in full in "New phytologist" (IF: 8.51).

In this study, a new rice booting stage cold tolerance gene CTB2 was cloned, and the gradual selection of natural variants of CTB2 and CTB4a improved the cold adaptability of japonica rice.

Rice is a cold-sensitive crop originating from the tropics or subtropics, and encountering low temperatures during the booting stage can lead to the inability of rice to develop normally and severely reduce yield.

In this study, a segregating population was constructed using near-cold tolerance isogenic lines, and on the basis of linkage mapping, genome-wide association analysis was further performed using the booting stage cold tolerance phenotype of 54 japonica and 67 indica germplasm resources to mine a new cold tolerance gene CTB2.

CTB2 encodes a glucosyltransferase that is highly expressed in the tapetum, pollen grains, and anthers.

CTB4a is an important rice booting stage cold tolerance gene previously cloned by the team (Zhang et al., 2017), and this study analyzed and found that wild rice does not contain functional variants of CTB4a, and its cold tolerance alleles are new variants domesticated in cold environments, mainly distributed in high altitude and high latitude regions; while CTB2 has four haplotypes, one of the dominant haplotype SNPs (A) showing strong cold tolerance, which originates from common wild rice in China and has been significantly artificially selected during the cold adaptation domestication of japonica rice, gradually spreads to high latitudes, and finally enhances the cold tolerance of rice together with newly produced local CTB4a variants.

Iron oxide nanoparticles can be applied in cancer magnetic nanotherapy.

They are based on the magnetic spin effect in free radical reactions and the ability of semiconductor materials to generate oxygen free radicals.

They have exclusive size-dependent properties which makes these materials indispensable and superior in many areas of human activities.

In recent years, iron oxide nanoparticles have demonstrated great potential in biomedical applications due to their non-toxic role in biological systems.

These nanoparticles have been developed as antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer.

For cancer treatment and diagnosis, iron oxide nanoparticles have been functionalized with drugs.How do you make iron oxide nanoparticles?Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation in isobutanol with sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide.

They neither want to sleep more, nor do they have any negative health effects in the case of short sleep.In October 2020, the team of Yinghui Fu and Louis J Ptáček from the University of California published a research paper entitled Mutations in Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 Contribute to Natural Short Sleep Trait in Current Biology.

They found that two independent mutations in the GRM1 gene cause familial natural short sleep, and research proved that mice carrying both mutations exhibit behavior of short sleep.In fact, this is not the first time the team has discovered the short sleep gene.

Masashi Yanagisawa's team from the University of Tsukuba, Japan, conducted an EEG/EMG-based random mouse screening study and found that splicing mutations in the Sik3 protein kinase gene can significantly reduce the total awake time.

The research was published in Nature in November 2016 with the title Forward-genetics Analysis of Sleep in Randomly Mutagenized Mice.Using forward genetics, the researchers first screened out a family of lethargic mice.

This mutation of Sik3 at the site recognized by the spliceosome in the intron results in an error in the mRNA splicing of the Sik3, and ultimately results in a deletion of the Sik3 protein.

Recently, a study led by researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) showed that how long a person sleeps during the day is controlled to a certain extent by his genes.The team has previously identified genes related to sleep time, insomnia, and the tendency to get up early or stay up late.