These include government planning documentation, environmental consulting firms, forested-areas fire assessment reports, hydrology and geology studies, land use and parcel boundaries illustration, and for large-scale civil construction projects such as land reclamation or shoreline and marine projects.
precise earth observations using civil and nautical surveying techniques
mathematical projections of the earth’s spherical surface onto a flat medium or 3D model
an accurate directional orientation to the earth’s magnetic poles (North Arrow)
a descriptive title which explains the map’s region and the type of map (geographical, etc.)
While navigational charts have traditionally been used as working documents to plot an accurate course when traversing the open waters, they also contain detailed underwater information, such as: