Antisense Oligonucleotides: A Novel Therapeutic Approach

Oligonucleotides synthesis market is use ynthesized oligonucleotides are used for various applications in the life science and medical industry for research purposes as a probe for DNA synthesis and sequencing, probes for the detection of complementary RNA and DNA through hybridization in clinical developments and synthesis of artificial genes.The oligo nucleotides services provided by the manufacturers are available based on the customer requirement which helps in the identification of specific genes in life science research procedures.

Various types of fragment oligo nucleotides are available which are prepared and used by different sectors such as for research of life science, the oligos are used as PCR primers and probes, DNA sequencing, gene editing (CRISPR), for the diagnostics applications, the oligos are used as microarrays/gene panels, fluorescence in situ hybridization and for therapeutic applications, the oligo nucleotides are used as nucleic acid aptamers, antisense, gene and cell therapy and others.The wide range of applications in the field of research, diagnostics, therapeutics, drug discovery, data storage and synthetic biology and growing research oriented programs are boosting the requirement of the oligonucleotide in medical sector.The overall market of synthesized oligonucleotides is growing tremendously due to high growth in the life science industries and growing applications in therapeutics and in genetics and genomics in the research and diagnostics.Europe oligonucleotides synthesis market is projected to register a substantial CAGR in the forecast period of 2019 to 2026.This Europe Oligonucleotides Synthesis Market research report intensely analyses the potential of the market with respect to current scenario and the future prospects by considering several industry aspects of Cardinal Health industry.

The report also recognizes and analyses the rising trends along with major drivers, challenges and opportunities in the market.

This Europe Oligonucleotides Synthesis Market report provides major statistics on the market status of global and regional manufacturers and is a helpful source of assistance and direction for companies and individuals interested in Healthcare industry.

The company profiles of all the chief and dominating market players and brands who are taking steps such as product launches, joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions are mentioned in the report.Get Sample PDF (including COVID19 Impact Analysis) of Market Report @ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/request-a-sample/?dbmr=europe-oligonucleotides-synthesis-marketMarket Drivers and Restraints:On the basis of product type, the market is segmented into DNA Oligonucleotides and RNA Oligonucleotides.On the basis of type, the market is segmented into oligonucleotide-based drugs, primers, probes, intermediate-scale synthesized oligos, large-scale synthesized oligos, linkers & adaptors and array-based oligos.On the basis of consumables, the market is segmented into instruments, kits & reagents and others.On the basis of service type, the market is segmented into custom oligos, predesigned oligos and oligo synthesis.On the basis of distribution channel the market is segmented into multi-level marketing, large retail, small retail, health and beauty stores, online and others.On the basis of application, the market is segmented into research applications, therapeutic applications, diagnostic applications and others.On the basis of end user, the market is segmented into bio-pharmaceutical & biotechnology companies, academic & research institutes, contract research organizations, hospitals and others.The major players covered in the Europe Oligonucleotides Synthesis Market Some of the major players operating in this market are Agilent Technologies, Inc., Atdbio Ltd., LGC Limited, Bio-Synthesis Inc., Eurofins Genomics, Kaneka Eurogentec S.A., General Electric, Genscript, AJINOMOTO CO.,INC (Genedesign, Inc.), Danaher, Merck Kgaa, Lgc Biosearch Technologies, Nitto Denko, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Trilink Biotechnologies, Llc, Biolytic Lab Performance Inc., Polygen Gmbh, Quintara Biosciences, Bio Basic Inc., Danaher (Integrated Dna Technologies, Inc.), and Twist Bioscience among others.Major Toc Of The Report Europe Oligonucleotides Synthesis Marketchapter One:   Europe Oligonucleotides Synthesis Market OverviewChapter Two: Manufacturers ProfilesChapter Three:   Europe Oligonucleotides Synthesis Market Competition, by PlayersChapter Four:  Europe Oligonucleotides Synthesis Market Size by RegionsChapter Five:  Europe Oligonucleotides Synthesis Market Revenue by CountriesChapter Six:  Europe Oligonucleotides Synthesis Market Revenue by CountriesChapter Seven:  Europe Oligonucleotides Synthesis Market Revenue by CountriesChapter Eight:  Europe Oligonucleotides Synthesis Market Revenue by CountriesGet Detail TOC@https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/toc/?dbmr=europe-oligonucleotides-synthesis-marketKey Report HighlightsComprehensive pricing analysis based on different product types and regional segmentsMarket size data in terms of revenue and sales volumeDeep insights about regulatory and investment scenarios of the Europe Oligonucleotides Synthesis MarketAnalysis of market effect factors and their impact on the forecast and outlook of the global   Europe Oligonucleotides Synthesis MarketThe detailed assessment of the vendor landscape and leading companies to help understand the level of competition in the Europe Oligonucleotides Synthesis MarketA roadmap of growth opportunities available in the Europe Oligonucleotides Synthesis Market with the identification of key factorsThe exhaustive analysis of various trends of the Europe Oligonucleotides Synthesis Market to help identify market developmentsKey Questions Answered in Report:What is the key to the Europe Oligonucleotides Synthesis Market ?What will the Europe Oligonucleotides Synthesis Market Demand and what will be Growth?What are the latest opportunities for Europe Oligonucleotides Synthesis Market in the future?What are the strengths of the key players?Access Full Report @ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/europe-oligonucleotides-synthesis-marketBrowse Related Reports@Hospital Laboratory Information Management Systems MarketDepartmental PACS MarketWound Debridement Devices MarketAbout Us:Data Bridge Market Research set forth itself as an unconventional and neoteric Market research and consulting firm with unparalleled level of resilience and integrated approaches.

We are determined to unearth the best market opportunities and foster efficient information for your business to thrive in the marketContact:Data Bridge Market ResearchTel: +1-888-387-2818Email: [email protected]

In the modern biopharmaceuticals and biotechnology, the applications of these molecules are vast, including (but not limited to) genetic testing, fundamental biomolecular research, and forensic analysis.

There are two principle approaches used for the development of RNA-based drugs; double stranded RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) and antisense oligonucleotides (ASO).

Both approaches are currently in clinical trials for targeting of RNAs involved in various diseases, such as cancer and neurodegeneration.RNA Interference TherapeuticsRNAi is a natural process of post-transcriptional gene silencing, involving short strands of nucleic acids.

The basic mechanism of RNAi is a three step process of gene silencing.Antisense Oligonucleotide TherapeuticsAntisense oligonucleotides (also known as ASOs) are short RNA / DNA based structures whose sequence specifically binds to the target RNA and inhibits the gene expression.

Antisense therapeutics are considered to be one of the most promising agents for impairing the protein production and blocking the function of the specific target gene of interest in the human genome.

With the success of the first antisense oligonucleotide, fomivirsen, approved in 1998 for the treatment of disease cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, the field of antisense oligonucleotide therapeutics has evolved rapidly with multiple approved / late stage clinical candidates and a long preclinical pipeline.

Market Size – USD 4.32 billion in 2018, Market Growth - CAGR of 18.9%, Market Trends –Technological advancements along with government investments in R The Synthetic Biology Market is estimated to reach USD 17.36 Billion by 2026, according to a new report by Reports and Data.

Products produced in this new biological system are used across many applications, including energy, pharmaceutical & diagnostics; bioplastics and environment are expected to become the most common growth factors globally in the coming years.Synthetic biology is mainly known for the usage of molecular biology along with standard industrial fermentation for the production of renewable, sustainable, algal oils that would reduce the pressure on the ecosystem due to habitat damage and deforestation.

Currently, there are customer products in the market, as on department store shelves or grocery that includes the ingredients made using an advanced form of manufacturing and engineering.

The report also aims to benefit the user by providing constructive data to gain insight into the market growth, size, and investment approaches.The key companies profiled in the market are: Key participants include Thermo Fisher, Merck KGaA, Novozymes, DNA2.0, Eurofins Scientific, Inc., Intrexon, Agilent Technologies, Amyris, Pareto Biotechnologies, GenScript, Integrated DNA Technologies, Ginkgo Bioworks, Synthetic Genomics, New England Biolabs, TeselaGen,  Twist Bioscience.Further key findings from the report suggestSynthetic DNA of the product segment is estimated to reach USD 3.80 billion by 2026 at the highest CAGR of 19.0% during the forecast period.The penetration rate is high due to its widespread use in R and commercialization than any other product segments.Genome engineering technology accounts for a market share of 22.6% in 2018.

It has emerged as the most notable technology utilized in synthetic biotechnology.The researchers anticipate this technology to advance in the forthcoming years.Also, other factors, such as advancements in DNA synthesis technologies and CRISPR-toolbox, the need for cheap, rapid, multiplex alteration of genomes, and ongoing research activities are anticipated to drive the growth of the genome engineering during the forecast period.Synthetic oligos of the product segment is estimated to reach USD 3.87 billion by 2026 at a CAGR of 18.9% during the forecast period.The method is beneficial in modern laboratory practice because it provides accelerated and reasonable access to custom-made oligonucleotides of the desired sequence.Pharmaceuticals and diagnostics is estimated to reach USD 6.82 billion by 2026 at a CAGR of 18.9% during the forecast period.Production of Artemisinin is supposed to be one of the best health applications.Some of the possible application of synthetic biology in health and food are reprogramming of stem cells, regenerative medicine, new therapeutic methods, efficient production of nutraceuticals, for instance, vitamins, food supplements, and preservatives.The synthetic biology products and technologies have notable usage in several application areas.The organisms engineered with synthetic biology methods are relatively inexpensive, owing to their use in numerous industrial applications.It is also a cost-effective approach for research, due to which the market for these techniques is progressing considerably across the world.Europe accounts for a share of 28.2% of the market in 2018 and is estimated to reach USD 4.96 billion by 2026.

Browse Complete Report “Synthetic Biology Market” @ https://www.reportsanddata.com/report-detail/synthetic-biology-marketFor the purpose of this study, Reports and Data have segmented the global Synthetic Biology Market on the basis of, Product, Technology, Application and region:By Product Outlook (Revenue, USD Million; 2016-2026)Synthetic oligosSynthetic DNASynthetic genesSoftware toolsChassis organismsSynthetic clonesSynthetic cellsBy Technology Outlook (Revenue, USD Million; 2016-2026)Gene synthesisDNA SequencingGenome EngineeringBiological ComponentsIntegrated SystemsBioinformaticsApplication Outlook (Revenue, USD Million; 2016-2026)Pharmaceuticals and diagnosticsBiofuelsAgricultureHealthcareOthersThe report further segments the market on the basis of key regions of the world and offers an assessment of the production and manufacturing capacity, import and export, production and consumption patterns, supply and demand ratio, and the presence of key players in each region.

San Francisco, CA - Antisense & RNAi Therapeutics Market is expected to reach USD 1.81 billion by 2025.

RNA therapeutics states to the use of oligonucleotides to target mainly ribonucleic acids (RNA) for research studies to explain functions of genes or therapeutic efforts.

Antisense molecules are termed as a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) which are designed in a way that they can hybridize precisely coding mRNA inside the cell.

The Antisense & RNAi Therapeutics Market is estimated to grow at a significant CAGR of 8.6% over the future period as the scope and its applications are rising enormously across the globe.

Request a PDF Sample @ https://www.millioninsights.com/industry-reports/antisense-rnai-therapeutics-market/request-sample Growing occurrence of infectious diseases, coronary artery diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiac ailments, developed research and development sectors, and rising use of enhanced technology are documented as major factors of Antisense & RNAi Therapeutics industry that are estimated to enhance the growth in the years to come.

However, toxicity of antisense and RNAi molecules-based drugs may restrain overall market growth in the coming years.

Oligonucleotide Synthesis market is segmented by company, region (country), by Type, and by Application.

Players, stakeholders, and other participants in the global Oligonucleotide Synthesis market will be able to gain the upper hand as they use the report as a powerful resource.

The segmental analysis focuses on revenue and forecast by Type and by End User in terms of revenue and forecast for the period 2015-2026.

Download FREE Sample of this Report @ https://www.grandresearchstore.com/report-sample/global-china-oligonucleotide-synthesis-2020-2026-536 Market segment by Type, the product can be split into:Custom OligonucleotidesPre-designed OligonucleotidesMarket segment by End User, split into:Academic Research InstitutesPharmaceutical and Biotechnology CompaniesDiagnostic LaboratoriesOthersBased on regional and country-level analysis, the Oligonucleotide Synthesis market has been segmented as follows:North AmericaUnited StatesCanadaEuropeGermanyFranceU.K.ItalyRussiaNordicAsia-PacificChinaJapanSouth KoreaSoutheast AsiaIndiaAustraliaLatin AmericaMexicoBrazilMiddle East & AfricaTurkeySaudi ArabiaUAEIn the competitive analysis section of the report, leading as well as prominent players of the global Oligonucleotide Synthesis market are broadly studied on the basis of key factors.

The report offers comprehensive analysis and accurate statistics on revenue by the player for the period 2015-2020.

It also offers detailed analysis supported by reliable statistics on price and revenue (global level) by player for the period 2015-2020.The key players covered in this study:Integrated DNA TechnologiesMerckEurofins GenomicsThermo Fisher ScientificAgilent TechnologiesEurogentecGE HealthcareLGC Biosearch TechnologiesNitto Denko AveciaGenscriptGenedesignTriLink BiotechnologiesBio-SynthesisATDBioGet the Complete Report & TOC @ https://www.grandresearchstore.com/life-sciences/global-china-oligonucleotide-synthesis-2020-2026-536Table of content1 Report Overview1.1 Study Scope1.2 Key Market Segments1.3 Market Analysis by Type1.3.1 Global Oligonucleotide Synthesis Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2020 VS 20261.3.2 Custom Oligonucleotides1.3.3 Pre-designed Oligonucleotides1.4 Market by Application1.4.1 Global Oligonucleotide Synthesis Market Share by End User: 2020 VS 20261.4.2 Academic Research Institutes1.4.3 Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies1.4.4 Diagnostic Laboratories1.4.5 Others1.5 Study Objectives1.6 Years Considered2 Global Growth Trends2.1 Global Oligonucleotide Synthesis Market Perspective (2015-2026)2.2 Oligonucleotide Synthesis Growth Trends by Regions2.2.1 Oligonucleotide Synthesis Market Size by Regions: 2015 VS 2020 VS 20262.2.2 Oligonucleotide Synthesis Historic Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)2.2.3 Oligonucleotide Synthesis Forecasted Market Size by Regions (2021-2026)2.3 Oligonucleotide Synthesis Industry Dynamic2.3.1 Oligonucleotide Synthesis Market Trends2.3.2 Oligonucleotide Synthesis Market Drivers2.3.3 Oligonucleotide Synthesis Market Challenges2.3.4 Oligonucleotide Synthesis Market Restraints3 Competition Landscape by Key Players3.1 Global Top Oligonucleotide Synthesis Players by Market Size3.1.1 Global Top Oligonucleotide Synthesis Players by Revenue (2015-2020)If You Have Any Question Related To This Report Contact Us @ https://www.grandresearchstore.com/enquire-now/global-china-oligonucleotide-synthesis-2020-2026-536CONTACT US:276 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10001, United StatesInternational: +1(646)-781-7170 / +91 8087042414Email: [email protected] Us On linkedin :- https://www.linkedin.com/company/grand-research-store

 Synthetic biology has an array of applications in the fields of medicine, agriculture, nanotechnology, and industrial biotechnology.

This has attracted interests of researchers from across the globe and has led to a rise in funding from public and private organizations, which, in turn, help in the growth of the market.Get Sample Copy of This Report@https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/requestsampleNew.asp?id=889Some of The Major Players In Synthetic Biology Market:1.

DNA Technologies (US)Download Brochure: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/pdfdownloadNew.asp?id=889* Synthetic biology can broadly be described as the engineering and design of new biological parts and functions such as artificial biological pathways and organisms, which can further be used to produce end-products such as biofuels, biosensors, etc.

Synthetic biology also includes the redesign of natural biological systems.

* The global synthetic biology market is segmented on the basis of tool, technology, application, and region.

Based on tools, the market is segmented into oligonucleotides, enzymes, cloning technology kits, chassis organisms, and xeno-nucleic acids.

The new report by Expert Market Research titled, ‘Global Antisense and RNAi Therapeutics Market Report and Forecast 2021-2026’, gives an in-depth analysis of the global antisense and RNAi therapeutics market, assessing the market based on its segments like end-product forms, equipment types, and applications.

The sample report shall be delivered to you within 24 hours.Request a free sample copy in PDF or view the report summary@ https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/antisense-and-rnai-therapeutics-market/requestsampleThe key highlights of the report include:Market Overview (2016-2026)Forecast CAGR (2021-2026): 8.5%Explore the full report with the table of contents@ https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/antisense-and-rnai-therapeutics-marketIndustry Definition and Major SegmentsSpecific and highly effective gene silencing is possible due to antisense and RNAi therapeutics.

Oncology, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disorders, renal disease, neurodegenerative disorders, genetic disorders, infectious diseases, and other conditions are all treated with it.The Antisense and RNAi therapeutics industry can be divided based on:TechnologyRNA InterferenceSiRNAMiRNAAntisense RNARoute of AdministrationPulmonary DeliveryIntravenous InjectionsIntra-dermal InjectionsIntraperitoneal InjectionsTopical DeliveryMarket TrendThe global antisense and RNAi therapeutics industry is propelled by a deep understanding of gene function for disease management via the use of malfunctioning genes and the control of their gene expression.

Various collaborations between pharmaceutical companies and contract research organisations working to improve drug delivery are also driving the market.The global antisense and RNAi therapeutics market is being driven by the rising prevalence of infectious diseases and neurodegenerative disorders.

Nanocarriers have been shown to improve bioavailability, transporting limits of siRNA payload, and providing high cooperation with target cells.However, stringent regulations, a lengthy product approval process, high development costs, and a relatively small number of patients are just a few of the factors that contribute to the high cost of RNA interference drugs, which is expected to slow the market growth of antisense and RNAi therapeutics in the coming years.Key Market PlayersThe major players within the market are OliX Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sanofi S.A, SAN (EPA), GlaxoSmithKline, GSK (LON), Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Benitec Biopharma Ltd, Silence Therapeutics Plc, Enzon Pharmaceuticals Inc, Antisense Therapeutics Ltd. and others.

The report covers the market shares, capacities, plant turnarounds, expansions, investments and mergers and acquisitions, among other latest developments of those market players.Read More Reports:-Global Sodium Monochloro Acetate Market: https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/sodium-monochloro-acetate-marketGlobal Epigenetics Market: https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/epigenetics-marketGlobal Digital Therapeutics Market: https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/digital-therapeutics-marketGlobal Coco Coir Market: https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/coco-coir-marketGlobal Metal Finishing Market: https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/metal-finishing-marketGlobal Probiotic Supplements Market: https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/probiotic-supplements-marketGlobal Styrene Market: https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/styrene-marketGlobal Brain Computer Interface Market: https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/brain-computer-interface-marketGlobal Wireless Microphone Market: https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/wireless-microphone-marketGlobal Sodium Chlorite Market: https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/sodium-chlorite-marketNote 2: As the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) continues to spread across the world, our analysts are constantly tracking the impact of this rapidly evolving situation on the markets and the consumer purchase behaviours.

 Increasing R investments in drug discovery and reduced cost of DNA sequencing and synthesizing are the major factors influencing industry growth.According to a new report by Reports and Data, the Synthetic Biology Market size was valued at USD 6,782.3 Million in 2020 and is estimated to exceed USD 34.27 Million in terms of revenue, at a CAGR of 18.9% through 2028.

The market growth is driven by declining cost of DNA sequencing and synthesizing coupled with increasing R investment in drug discovery.Products produced by synthetic biology are used across several applications, including energy, bioplastics & environment, and pharmaceutical & diagnostics.

Synthetic biology is mainly known for the usage of molecular biology along with standard industrial fermentation for the production of renewable, sustainable, algal oils that would reduce the pressure on the ecosystem due to habitat damage and deforestation.Synthetic biology has a potential in DNA sequencing research and there is an expectation of improvement of bio-based chemicals, development of food crops and sources of green energy with the technology.Get a sample of the report @ https://www.reportsanddata.com/sample-enquiry-form/1476The report puts an emphasis on the information regarding the key players with a special focus on their company profile, business overview, recent advancements, product catalog, and strategic business plans.

It provides a comprehensive overview of the strategic alliances in the market under taken by the key players such as mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, collaborations, partnerships, agreements, product launches, brand promotions, and corporate deals, among others.Key companies operating in the market and profiled in the report include: Merck KGaA, Thermo Fisher, Novozymes, Eurofins Scientific, Inc., DNA2.0, Intrexon, Amyris, Pareto Biotechnologies, Agilent Technologies, GenScript, Ginkgo Bioworks, Synthetic Genomics, Integrated DNA Technologies, TeselaGen,  Twist Bioscience, and New England Biolabs, among others.Request a discount on the report @ https://www.reportsanddata.com/discount-enquiry-form/1476The Synthetic Biology market takes into account major geographical locations such as North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa to offer key insights into market growth, market size, market share, revenue growth, current and emerging trends, supply and demand ratio, import/export, consumer demand and behavior, and presence of key players in each region.

The report offers an in-depth country wise analysis to impart better understanding of the market and its growth prospects.Segments Covered in the reportBy Product Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2020-2028)Synthetic oligosSynthetic DNASynthetic genesSoftware toolsChassis organismsSynthetic clonesSynthetic cellsBy Technology Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2020-2028)Gene synthesisDNA SequencingGenome EngineeringBiological ComponentsIntegrated SystemsBioinformaticsApplication Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2020-2028)Pharmaceuticals and diagnosticsBiofuelsAgricultureHealthcareOthersKey Regions Analyzed in the Report include:North AmericaU.S.CanadaMexicoEuropeGermanyU.K.ItalyFranceBENELUXRest of EuropeAsia PacificChinaIndiaJapanSouth KoreaRest of APACLatin AmericaBrazilRest of LATAMMiddle East & AfricaSaudi ArabiaU.A.E.South AfricaRest of MEATo know more about the report @ https://www.reportsanddata.com/report-detail/synthetic-biology-marketFurthermore, it consists information about individual segment of the Synthetic Biology market based on the types and application.

The report also offers insights about the key segments expected to register significant revenue growth over the forecast period and primary trends influencing their growth.

Reports and Data has recently published a new research report on Global Oligonucleotide Synthesis  Market that covers current development scenario and emerging trends of the market.

The research report provides a comprehensive assessment of the market size, market share, revenue growth, and provides a futuristic perspective about the market trends, growth factors, facts, and industry validated market data.

The report applies advanced statistical tools such as Porter’s Five Forces analysis and SWOT analysis to shed light on the competitive landscape of the global Oligonucleotide Synthesis  market.

The report covers all the critical and essential information relating to the global Oligonucleotide Synthesis  market which helps the readers and clients gain a thorough understanding of the market.Get a sample of the report @ https://www.reportsanddata.com/sample-enquiry-form/946The report initially offers market introduction, market overview, product scope, market opportunities, growth prospects, risks, limitations, and key drivers.

The report also covers a comprehensive analysis of the competitive landscape with extensive profiling of the key competitors.

It covers recent technological advancements, product developments, product launches, mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, joint ventures, and partnerships.Key Companies in the market include:Agilent Technologies, IncATDBio Ltd.Bio-Synthesis, Inc.BioAutomation CorporationLGC Biosearch TechnologiesBiogen InternationalSarepta TherapeuticsEurofins Genomics EurogentecGeneDesign, Inc.GE HealthcareGenScript, Inc.OthersRegional segmentation comprises of a current and forecast estimation of the market in the key geographical regions such as North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa.