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What is the technical principle of capacitive sensor?

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What is the technical principle of capacitive sensor?

A capacitive sensor is an instrument that reflects the transformation of other quantities as changes in capacitance. It is mainly composed of upper and lower electrodes, insulators, and substrates. Capacitive sensors are widely used in industry. It mainly analyzes the principle and application of the capacitive sensor.


For capacitive sensors, it can be analyzed from the aspect of energy conversion. The capacitive converter is a passive converter. First, the mechanical quantity must be converted into voltage or current and then amplified and processed. In mechanical quantities, many quantities are closely related to the degree, such as tension, compression, expansion, etc., and all need to be measured by length. At the same time, under certain conditions, the changes of these mechanical quantities are not very fast but only change in a small range. If you want to accurately measure these small changes, other sensors cannot do it, which requires the use of capacitors. sensor. Capacitive sensors have been widely used in the measurement of vibration, angle, displacement, acceleration, and mechanical quantities, and have also begun to be used in the measurement of liquid level, differential pressure, and pressure.


When measuring non-electrical quantities, use the electrical measurement method. In the measurement process, the non-electrical quantities must be converted, first converted into electrical quantities, and input. In general, a converter is used in the conversion process. The design of the sensor is based on the characteristics of non-electrical quantities. When converting the mechanical quantities, the capacitive sensor we discussed today is used, which plays a very important role in the conversion.


When measuring mechanical quantities with very small changes, this sensor needs to be used. Its main characteristics are in several aspects: ① The measurement range is very large, and the change rate sometimes exceeds 100%. ②High sensitivity, very sensitive to small changes, and the measurement results are more accurate. ③ The dynamic response is relatively fast, its movable mass is small, and the frequency is quite high, so the response speed is very fast. ④Very stable, capacitive sensors are all made of metal, and generally made of inorganic materials in the middle, such as air, glass, etc., which will not be affected by sudden temperature changes and radiation strengthening, and the measurement accuracy is very high.


When the mechanical quantity of the capacitive sensor changes to a certain extent, the internal parameters will change, and the signal will change at this time, which is the working essence of the capacitive sensor. After the capacitor tooling state changes, its parameters will also change. In general, capacitive sensors are classified by parameters, which include the following three different types.

For this kind of sensor, after its area changes, the parameters will also change accordingly. Its working principle is that by moving the position of the angle, the size of the shielding position of the pole plate changes, and its parameters are also different. The larger the scale of angular displacement, the larger the value of capacitance; the smaller the scale of angular displacement, the smaller its value. The two are proportional. Using the change of the coverage area of ​​the plate to change the parameters of the capacitive sensor will cause the capacitance to change, which is the working principle of this type of capacitive sensor.

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