As a promising systemic drug delivery method, transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is easier and more convenient to operate than traditional oral, intravenous and subcutaneous injection methods. It can improve patient compliance while also avoiding First-pass effect and drug side effects. As the largest organ of the human body, the skin is also the body’s first line of defense against foreign microorganisms and chemical substances. Its drug permeability is lower, which is orders of magnitude different compared to the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs. Therefore, how to pass through the many barriers of human skin is the first problem faced during transdermal drug delivery. In the past 20 years, with the continuous development of nanotechnology, various nanoformulations have been increasingly used in transdermal drug delivery. These nano-preparation transdermal delivery systems can greatly enhance the penetration of drugs into the skin and improve the transdermal efficiency of drugs due to their nanoscale size and unique physical and chemical properties. This article will review the overview, preparation methods, advantages and research progress of various nano-preparation transdermal delivery systems based on the literature in recent years.
Skin Barrier
Skin Physiological Structure
Human skin is composed of three layers with different compositions and structures. From the outside to the inside, they are the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. In addition, there are hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and other appendages. The epidermis can be divided into stratum corneum (SC), stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale from outside to inside. The four layers except the stratum corneum are composed of living cells and are collectively called the active epidermis; the stratum corneum is mainly composed of dead and dehydrated anucleate keratinocytes and the lipid matrix between keratinocytes. The internal structure of the stratum corneum is tightly packed and highly hydrophobic, which allows it to play a major role in the skin’s permeability barrier. The structure of the stratum corneum is often simply represented as a “bricks and mortar” model, in which keratinocytes are stacked and staggered like bricks, and a lipid matrix fills the gaps between keratinocytes, but this model is not entirely accurate. New models of lipid matrices include asymmetric (bilayer unfolding) models, domain mosaic models, sandwich models, single gel phase models, etc., which better describe the architecture of lipid matrices. The dermis under the epidermis is composed of fiber network, matrix and cells. The fiber network is a dense network structure formed by collagen, elastin, etc., which can provide mechanical strength to the skin; the matrix is mainly composed of a variety of hydrophilic proteoglycans, filling Between the fiber network; the cells in the dermis are mainly fibroblasts, followed by immune cells such as macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells, which are responsible for the immune response of the skin. In addition, the roots of capillaries, lymphatic vessels, nerve endings, and various appendages are also in the dermis. The subcutaneous tissue in the deepest layer of the skin is mainly composed of loose connective tissue and fat, which plays a role in buffering and energy storage.
Skin Absorption Route
The pathways through which drugs enter the systemic circulation through the skin include the epidermal pathway and the adnexal pathway]. The epidermal pathway is the process in which drugs penetrate the epidermis into the dermis, then diffuse into capillaries and then transfer to the systemic circulation. The epidermal pathway includes the transcellular pathway and the interstitial pathway, in which drugs diffuse across keratinocytes and through the lipid matrix between keratinocytes, respectively. In the epidermal pathway, drugs are mainly transported by passive diffusion through the concentration difference between the skin surface and the deep skin layer, and the special composition and structure of the stratum corneum make it the main barrier for drug transport. In the adnexal route, the drug enters the dermis directly through the openings of the skin appendages and reaches the systemic circulation. Generally speaking, the epidermal pathway is the main pathway for drug transdermal absorption. Although the adnexal pathway has a faster penetration rate, the appendages only account for 0.1% of the skin surface area. Therefore, when drugs are absorbed through the epidermal pathway, after steady state is reached, uptake by the adnexal pathway can be neglected. However, ionic drugs and hydrophilic macromolecule drugs are extremely difficult to penetrate into the stratum corneum, so these drugs are mainly absorbed through the adnexal pathway. In addition, nanopreparations such as lipid nanoparticles (LN), polymeric nanoparticles (PNP), and nanocrystals (NC) can aggregate in hair follicles to form drug reservoirs and accelerate drug transdermal absorption through the adnexal pathway.
Nanoformulation Transdermal Delivery System
Nanopreparations refer to drug carriers or drug particles with a size below 1000 nm, and their nanosize can bring unique physical and chemical properties. Nanoformulations commonly used in transdermal delivery systems in current research include nanoemulsion, lipid-based nano-vesicles, LN, PNP, NC, lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC), etc.. These nanopreparations provide a new platform for transdermal delivery through unique penetration promotion mechanisms and drug release mechanisms.
The Transdermal Drug Delivery System Market 2021 research report gives emerging industry data, global segments and regional outlook.
This report covers up all details such as size, share, value, growth, restraints, and opportunities for the year 2020 to 2027.
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The key players in the transdermal drug delivery system market include 3M Company, 4P Therapeutics, LLC, Biogel Technology, Inc., BoehringerIngelheim GmbH, Echo Therapeutics, Inc., Johnson & Johnson, Mylan Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Novartis AG, Noven Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Skyepharma PLC, Transdermal Corp, Transdermal Technologies, Inc. and Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc. An in-depth view of the competitive outlook includes future capacities, key mergers & acquisitions, financial overview, partnerships, collaborations, new product launches, new product developments and other developments with information in terms of H.Q.Get more information on "Global Transdermal Drug Delivery System Market Research Report" by requesting FREE Sample Copy athttps://www.valuemarketresearch.com/contact/transdermal-drug-delivery-system-market/download-sampleMarket DynamicsRising incidence of chronic diseases, with a growing interest in the development of novel drugs and delivering system, is driving the market growth.
Advantages such as longer drug effect, lesser side effects, painless drug delivery and low risk of infection transmission are further boosting the adoption of transdermal drug delivery system.
Transdermal drug delivery systems market is forecasted to cross $60 billion in size by 2023, according to P Market Research.the growth in the market is expected to be driven by the surge in geriatric population, rise in number of patients suffering from neurovascular disorders and high prevalence of various chronic diseases, across the globe.
Transdermal drug delivery systems are used for various applications such as analgesics, hormone replacement therapy, hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, motion sickness, smoking cessation and others.
The hormone replacement therapy category is expected to grow at a CAGR of 10% during the forecast period, since these delivery systems are effective and an easiest way of preventing and managing post-menopausal symptoms.Request to Get the Sample Pages at: https://www.psmarketresearch.com/market-analysis/transdermal-drug-delivery-systems-market/report-sampleThe use of the transdermal patches is the highest in North America, owing to heavy expenditure by the government on healthcare and supportive reimbursement policies and is further followed by the Europe and APAC, respectively.
The market for transdermal drug delivery systems is expected to observe the fastest growth on demand during the forecast period in APAC.
This growth in the region is attributable to the improvement in healthcare infrastructures and rise in the healthcare expenditures in developing countries such as China and India, to cater to the unmet medical needs.
Further, technological advancements to develop cost-effective technologies in these nations offer a lucrative opportunity for the market growth.Make Enquiry Before Buying the Report: https://www.psmarketresearch.com/send-enquiry?enquiry-url=transdermal-drug-delivery-systems-marketThe key players in the transdermal drug delivery systems market are acquiring other players to enter in the new business and to launch advanced products to increase their market share.
Global Transdermal Drug Delivery System Sales Market by Type, Application, Regions and by Key Players, Forecast to 2026 documents an overview of the market trends, competitive structure, market shares of the competitors, market demands, market drivers, market restraints, and product analysis, and.
The report presents a detailed analysis of global Transdermal Drug Delivery System Sales market size on regional and country-level, recent developments, segmentation market growth, strategic market growth analysis, opportunities analysis, and product launches.
Competitive landscape provides details by vendors, including company overview, global presence, company financials, market share, market potential, sales and revenue generated, price, consumption and production sales, SWOT analysis.DOWNLOAD SAMPLE REPORT: https://www.reportcrux.com/request-sample-report/Global-Transdermal-Drug-Delivery-System-Sales-MarketThe report highlights in-depth quantitative as well as qualitative insights, historical data, and market size projections till 2026.
It also gives a perspective on manufacturers, associations, specific organizations, industries, companies, and suppliers that work to expand their business worldwide.
Value chain analysis of the industry is explained in detail this providing a clear view of key mediators involved.
Key market players in the global Transdermal Drug Delivery System Sales market, consist of HisamitsuMylanGSKNovartisTeve (Actavis)Johnson & JohnsonUCBTeikoku SeiyakuBayerLingruiSanofiQizhengEndoHuarun 999Haw ParNichibanMentholatum CompanyLaboratoires GenevrierOtherRequest for Research Methodology: https://www.reportcrux.com/research-methodology/Global-Transdermal-Drug-Delivery-System-Sales-MarketRegional Analysis:Based on region, the market report is segmented into five main regions i.e.
Transdermal Drug Delivery System Market is anticipated to reach USD 81.4 billion by 2024 owing to shift toward sedentary lifestyle that encourages chronic disorders.
TDDS delivers drug through the skin in pre-decided and regulated rate.
Infusion of drug could be effectively monitored and projected creditably through transdermal drug delivery method, which makes it convenient to maintain steady level of drug.
However, transdermal drug delivery system industry is restrained by constrained areas of delivery and slow infusion rate hydrophilic drugs.
Recent years has introduced multiple drugs that could be delivered through transdermal route.
Also, the existing market players in this market are focusing on mergers and acquisition to create niche market.Transdermal drug delivery system market is categorized on the basis of delivery system type, application, and geography.
